Aplicación de la nanotecnología en odontología: Nano-odontología

Currently, nano-dentistry would seem to be a fi ctional topic, but scientifi c advances in nanotechnology in order to better understand the relationship between tooth nanostructures and colonizing microorganisms provides a vast array of opportunities and possibilities that could revolutionize the world of dentistry. Complete oral health through the use of biomaterials, tissue engineering and nanorobots could be possible. When dental nanorobots can be manufactured in 5 to 10 years, these instruments will allow specifi cally controlled oral analgesia, dental replacement and nanometerscale precision restorative dentistry. New therapeutic prospects will be feasible utilizing motorized dentirobots. This article is a prospective review of the applications of molecular engineering techniques in dentistry and how these new tools can provide valuable support to the development of new dental biomaterials.Actualmente la nano-odontología pareciera una situación de fi cción, sin embargo los avances científi cos en la nanotecnología para la mejor comprensión de la relación que existe entre las nanoestructuras de las piezas dentarias y los microorganismos colonizadores, abre una inmensa variedad de oportunidades y posibilidades que podrían revolucionar el mundo de la odontología, como es el que se podría mantener una salud oral integral, mediante el empleo de biomateriales, incorporando a la ingeniería tisular y nanorobots. Cuando los nanorobots dentales puedan ser manufacturados en 5 a 10 años, estos instrumentos permitirán el control exacto de la anestesia oral, el reemplazo dental y la odontología reconstructiva de precisión a escala nanométrica. Asimismo nuevos prospectos terapéuticos serían factibles utilizando los dentrifi corobots monitorizados. En este artículo se hace una prospectiva y revisión de las aplicaciones de la nanotecnología en la odontología, y cómo la nanotecnología esta permitiendo un gran aporte al desarrollo de nuevos mecanismos y materiales en la medicina oral

Gender differences and management of stroke risk of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in an upper middle-income country: Insights from the CARMEN-AF registry

Background: Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of stroke and systemic embolism. Several studies have suggested that female AF patients could have a greater risk for stroke. There is scarce information about clinical characteristics and use of antithrombotic therapies in Latin American patients with nonvalvular AF. Objective: To describe the gender differences in clinical characteristics, thromboembolic risk, and antithrombotic therapy of patients with nonvalvular AF recruited in Mexico, an upper middle-income country, into the prospective national CARMEN-AF Registry. Methods: A total of 1423 consecutive patients, with at least one thromboembolic risk factor were enrolled in CARMEN-AF Registry during a three-year period (2014–2017). They were categorized according to Gender. Results: Overall, 48.6% were women, mean age 70 ± 12 years. Diabetes, smoking, alcoholism, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, and obstructive sleep apnea were higher in men. Most women were found with paroxysmal AF (40.6%), and most men with permanent AF (44.0%). No gender differences were found in the use of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) (30.5% in women vs. 28.0% in men). No gender differences were found in the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) (33.8% women vs 35.4% men). Conclusions: CARMEN-AF Registry demonstrates that in Mexico, regardless of gender, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated. No gender differences were found in the use of VKA or DOAC. Keywords: Atrial fibrillation, Gender, Thromboembolic risk, Antithrombotic therapy, Stroke, Mexic